Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor and is one of the three most common cancers worldwide. Traditional surgical treatment, supplemented by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, has obvious side effects on patients. Immunotherapy may lead to some unpredictable complications. Low introduction rate and high cost are some of the problems of gene therapy, so finding a safe, reliable and least toxic treatment method became the main research direction for this study. Lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites are widely used in functional foods or as adjuvant therapies for various diseases because they are safe to eat and have no adverse reactions. Research has shown that lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites play an auxiliary therapeutic role in colorectal cancer mainly by improving the intestinal flora composition, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. It is now widely believed that the substances that probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria exert anti-cancer effects are mainly secondary metabolites such as butyric acid. Lb. plantarum AY01 isolated from fermented food has good anti-cancer ability, and its main anti-cancer substance is 2'-deoxyinosine. Through flow cytometry detection, it was found that Lb. plantarum AY01 can block cell proliferation in the S phase. In addition, Lb. plantarum AY01 culture reduces the sensitivity of mice to colitis-associated CRC induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) and exhibits the occurrence and promotion of tumors. According to transcriptome analysis, Lb. plantarum AY01 may induce apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. This experiment provided possibilities for the treatment of CRC.