Background: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a type II cell surface-bound integral serine protease, which is an important biomarker of cancer-associated fibroblasts. FAP-alpha performs several biological activities, including remolding extracellular matrix and acting as an immunosuppressor in the tumor microenvironment. However, the proliferation role of FAP-alpha in human lung adenocarcinoma has not been fully elucidated. Methods: The expression of FAP-alpha in 94-paired human lung adenocarcinoma tissues was identified by immunohistochemistry test. The effect of FAP on cell proliferation was examined by CCK-8 assay. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were utilized to investigate the underlying mechanism. Western blot analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and nude mice experiments, were also conducted for further validation. Results: The proliferation rates of human fibroblast strains FAP-HFF and FAP-BJ, and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line FAP-SPC-A- I were higher than those of controls. The nude mice experiment also showed that FAP could promote the proliferation of SPC-A-I cell line in vivo. qPCR and Western blot analysis indicated that CCNB1 was upregulated by the overexpression of FAP in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The expression of FAP-alpha was higher in both the cytoplasm and stroma of lung adenocarcinoma than in adjacent normal tissues. Survival analysis indicated that patients with higher expression of FAP-alpha in tumor stroma had a poor prognosis (P=0.019). The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) data also showed that the expression of FAP within tumor tissues was higher (in both cytoplasm and stroma) compared with that in normal tissues (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our study indicates that FAP-alpha could facilitate the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells and can be a prognostic marker in human lung adenocarcinoma.