The development of precision surgical procedures is rapidly transforming the treatment methods in complex surgical fields such as liver surgery. 3D printing technology, as a crucial support, has not only redefined surgical planning and execution but also improved medical education and patient communication. This article discusses the application of 3D printing in liver surgery, including surgical planning, intraoperative navigation, education and training, and 3D bioprinting technologies. 3D-printed models, with their ability to accurately display the spatial relationship between tumors and surrounding structures, provide a foundation for surgeons to devise precise surgical plans. This allows surgeons to develop more accurate surgical strategies preoperatively, reducing surgical risks and preserving more healthy liver tissue. Furthermore, this article discusses the challenges faced by 3D printing technology, such as cost and technical limitations, as well as the difficulties in clinical application, and provides a future outlook. Through a review of literature and case studies, this article highlights the significant role of 3D printing technology in enhancing surgical precision, reducing risks, and promoting patient recovery. With technological advancements, the prospects for the application of 3D printing in precision surgical procedures are broad, especially in the field of liver surgery, offering patients safer and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic options.