Globally, glaucoma stands as a primary cause of irreversible blindness, marked by intricate pathophysiological processes in which neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role. As the principal immune cells within the central nervous system, microglia play a dual function in the progression of glaucoma. Under standard physiological states, microglia safeguard the retina by offering neurotrophic support and removing cellular debris. In the pathological progression of glaucoma, microglia become activated and release significant levels of inflammatory factors, resulting in retinal ganglion cell injury, cell death, and impaired neuroregeneration. This review focuses on examining the dual functions of microglia in glaucoma, evaluating their influence on retinal neurodegeneration and repair, and suggesting that modulating microglial activity could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the mechanisms of microglial action in glaucoma is crucial for unveiling the complex pathophysiological processes of the disease and developing new therapeutic strategies.Copyright © 2025 Neural Regeneration Research.