Background: The present study aims to provide a comparative analysis of the etiologies of female infertility between Dehong, on the Yunnan Frontier, and Kunming. Methods: A retrospective study, which included 941 infertile females in Kunming who were treated in the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province and infertile females who were treated in the local hospital in Dehong from January 2016 to November 2018, was conducted. A comparative analysis of the etiologies of infertility in the two regions was then carried out. Results: In patients with primary infertility, ovulation disorder (15.03%) was the main cause of infertility in Kunming, and pelvic inflammatory disease (25.59%) was the main cause in Dehong. With regard to secondary infertility, although pelvic inflammatory disease was the main cause of infertility in both regions, the incidence of intrauterine adhesions in Kunming was significantly higher than in Dehong. Conclusions: The etiology of infertility showed different epidemiological characteristics depending on the region, hence individualized treatment should be given accordingly. © 2021, The Author(s).