Wound healing is a complex and dynamic biological process, and the treatment of chronic wounds remains a major clinical challenge. In this study, a novel probiotic microemulsion (LTE) based on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-fermented tea was developed for wound healing treatment. Using the tea leaves of the De'ang ethnic group in Yunnan Province as raw materials, they were fermented by Lb. plantarum 75-2m-2. The results of targeted metabolism and qRT-PCR showed that the antioxidant polyphenols increased significantly during the fermentation process, and the key degradation enzymes were upregulated. By optimizing the microemulsion formulation, a stable and biocompatible LTE was obtained. In a rat full-thickness skin injury model, LTE accelerated wound closure, promoted re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, regulated the skin microbiota, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study integrated traditional fermentation technology with modern nanotechnology, providing a novel and effective method for wound healing treatment, and indicating that LTE is a promising candidate for clinical wound dressings.